Use of molecular markers to accelerate the breeding of common bean lines resistant to rust and anthracnose

The main goal of this work was to introduce resistance genes for rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus, and anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, in an adapted common bean cultivar through marker-assisted backcrossing. DNA fingerprinting was used to select plants genetically closer to the recurrent parent which were also resistant to rust and to race 89 of C. lindemuthianum. DNA samples extracted from the resistant parent (cv. Ouro Negro), the recurrent parent (cv. Rudá), and from BC₁, BC₂ and BC₃ resistant plants were amplified by the RAPD technique. The relative genetic distances in relation to the recurrent parent varied between 9 and 59% for BC₁, 7 and 33% for BC₂, and 0 and 7% for BC₃ resistant plants. After only three backcrosses, five lines resistant to rust and anthracnose with, approximately, 0% genetic distance in relation to the recurrent parent were obtained. These lines underwent field yield tests in two consecutive growing seasons and three of them presented a good yield performance, surpassing in that sense their parents and most of the reference cultivars tested.     

木霉菌对苹果主要真菌病害的抑制及其在土壤中的定殖作用

以胶东半岛老的果园中土壤为试材,采用逐步稀释法,涂平板于孟加拉红培养基中,根据形态和分子方法鉴定分离木霉菌。分离出的木霉菌与苹果主要病害对峙培养在不同pH的培养基上,观察不同pH条件下,对真菌病害的抑制效果。土壤有机质和pH是目前胶东果园的主要问题,采用正交法设计,研究了不同的土壤条件对木霉菌生长的影响。结果表明:在不同pH条件下,木霉菌抑制苹果病原真菌的效果不同,木霉菌在不同的pH条件下对腐烂病(Valsa mali)和炭疽病(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)均可以抑制,但对轮纹病(Physalospora piricola Nose)只有在pH 6.0时没有效果外,其它pH时都对轮纹病有抑制作用。在土壤pH 6.5和土壤有机质含量为75 g·kg^-1时,最有利于木霉菌定殖。同时还发现木霉菌对土壤的pH具有调节作用,无论在碱性条件下,还是酸性条件下,均可以使土壤pH趋于中性,另外木霉菌可以增加土壤有机质含量,特别是在高土壤有机质含量的情况下,增加更加显著。总之,分离出的木霉菌对苹果腐烂病、炭疽病和轮纹病抑制效果好。土壤pH和有机质含量对木霉菌的生长有影响,高土壤有机质含量和中性土壤有利于木霉菌定殖。另外,木霉菌能有效地改良土壤有机质含量和土壤pH。     

Genetic control of sorghum resistance to leaf anthracnose

A study was carried out to investigate the inheritance of resistance to anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum, in sorghum. Crosses between resistant and susceptible parents and backcrosses between F₁ plants and the susceptible parents were carried out under field conditions. The F₁ generations and the segregant populations were evaluated under artificial inoculation conditions in the greenhouse. In the F₁ generation of all crosses with the respective isolates, all of the plants presented a resistance reaction except for the F₁ plants resulting from the BR009 × SC283 cross. In the F₂ generation, the frequencies of resistant and susceptible plants conformed to the hypothesis that one gene with two alleles controls host resistance, except in one cross. Out of the eight backcrosses, six presented segregation that corresponded to the hypothesis formulated. For most crosses, resistance was dominant, and the proportions of resistant and susceptible plants in the segregant populations conformed to the frequencies expected under the hypothesis of gene‐for‐gene resistance and dominant gene action.     

水杨酸诱导油茶抗炭疽病的研究

应用水杨酸溶液喷洒油茶叶片可有效诱导植株产生对炭疽病的局部性和系统性抗性.浓度150 mg·L-1诱导抗性效果最好,其对嫩叶的局部诱导病斑减小率为54.15%,对老叶的病斑减小率为61.55%.该浓度的水杨酸溶液喷洒对油茶炭疽病的系统性诱导抗性可使病斑减小率达46.7%;田间试验防治效果达到45.32%.水杨酸诱导油茶产生的局部性抗性可持续20 d而抗性水平无明显下降.扫描电镜显示在诱导处理的油茶叶片上,分生孢子能够萌发,但是芽管的生长受抑制,甚至异常变形卷曲.     

普通油茶对炭疽病抗性的病理学研究

普通油茶对炭疽病抗性的病理学研究张常青关键词普通油茶、油茶炭疽菌、抗病类型、孢子萌发与侵入由于油茶炭疽病菌（ＣｏｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍｃａｍｅｌｉａｅＭａｓｓｅｅ）的危害，使普通油茶（ＣａｍｅｌｉａｏｌｅｉｆｅｌａＡｂｏｌ）大量落花落果，这是严重影响...     

油茶炭疽病的化学防治研究

本研究使用14种杀菌剂对油茶炭疽病进行了室内和田间的防治试验。结果表明，扑菌清、叶斑净和宝宁的效果较好，同时对杀菌剂在田间的施用方法也提出了建议。     

Light and scanning electron microscopy studies on the infection process of melon leaves by Colletotrichum lagenarium

Colletotrichum lagenarium is the casual agent of anthracnose disease of melons. Light and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the infection process of C. lagenarium on the leaves of two melon cultivars differing in susceptibility. On both cultivars conidia began germinating 12 h after inoculation (hai), forming appressoria directly or at the tips of germ-tubes. By 48 hai appressoria had melanised and direct penetration of host tissue had begun. On the susceptible cultivar, infection vesicles formed within 72 hai and developed thick, knotted primary hyphae within epidermal cells. By 96 hai C. lagenarium produced highly branched secondary hyphae that invaded underlying mesophyll cells. After 96 hai, light brown lesions appeared on the leaves, coincident with cell necrosis and invasion by secondary hyphae. While appressoria formed more quickly on the resistant cultivar, fewer germinated to develop biotrophic primary or invasive necrotrophic secondary hyphae than on the susceptible cultivar. These results confirm that C. lagenarium is a hemibiotrophic pathogen, and that resistance in melons restricts colonisation by inhibiting the development of necrotrophic secondary hyphae.     

Sources of Resistance to Anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum) in Wild Lens Species

Lentil anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus et W.D. Moore is a potential threat in many lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) production regions of North America. In the lentil germplasm maintained in Germany and North America, 16 lines were reported to have resistance to race Ct1, but none has resistance reported to race Ct0. The objective of this study was to examine accessions of wild Lens species for their resistance to races Ct1 and Ct0 of lentil anthracnose. Five hundred and seventy-four wild accessions of six species and control lines were screened in two replications under both field and greenhouse conditions using a 1–9 scoring scale (1, highly resistant; 2–3, resistant; 4–5, moderately resistant; 6–7, susceptible; and 8–9, highly susceptible). Indianhead and PI 320937 were resistant while Eston and Pardina were susceptible to race Ct1 as expected. However, none of the check lines were resistant to race Ct0. Among the six Lens wild species tested, accessions of Lens ervoides (Brign.) Grande had the highest level of resistance, 3–5 to race Ct1 and Ct0 followed by L. lamottei Czefr. in the field and greenhouse. Lens orientalis (Boiss.), L. odemensis L., L. nigricans (M. Bieb.) Godron and L. tomentosus L. were highly susceptible, 8–9 to race Ct0 in the greenhouse. The highest frequency of resistance, especially in L. ervoides (Brign.) Grande, was found in accessions originating from Syria and Turkey. The usefulness of these L. ervoides (Brign.) Grande accessions as sources of resistance to the more virulent race of anthracnose in a lentil breeding program is discussed.     

四川辣椒炭疽病菌鉴定及育种材料抗性筛选

四川省西充县发现1种严重危害辣椒果实的辣椒炭疽病,造成部分田块绝收.田间调查发现,此病菌既能危害未熟果也能危害红熟果,但未危害叶片或茎干.在果实上病斑圆形,长椭圆形或不规则.在实验室PSA培养基上菌落圆形,边缘整齐,粉红色或橙色,无孢子堆,无菌核,分生孢子盘无刚毛.分生孢子单生,梭形,大小11.703 ～13.657 μm×3.074～4.773μm,附着胞圆形或长椭圆形,褐色,大小为3.985 ～6.633 μm×3.954 ～6.170μm.菌株rDNA ITS的PCR产物经测序后进行BLAST比对分析,结果显示,此菌株的ITS序列与尖孢刺盘孢Colletotrichum acutatum(有性阶段为尖孢小丛壳Glomerella acutata)的相似性达99％,结合培养性状的观察及rDNA ITS序列分析,确定其为尖孢刺盘孢(C.acutatum),是四川省内首次报道C.acutatum危害辣椒果实的.以该菌为菌源,对60份辣椒材料进行了抗病性鉴定,结果显示所有的材料中仅有4份抗病,14份耐病,剩余的均是感病材料,未发现高抗和免疫的材料.     

江西南方板栗炭疽病菌侵染动态的研究

江西板栗炭疽病菌（Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍ ｇｌｏｅｏｓｐｏｒｉｏｉｄｅｓ（Ｐｅｎｚ）Ｓａｃｃ．）于初花末期开始侵染雌花柱头，侵染高峰在盛花初期。病菌经柱头侵入后，首先定植于花柱，然后在花柱中潜伏或进一步蔓延至子房。病菌具有潜伏侵染现象，已展开叶片、托叶、枝梢皮层、花器（雄花序、雄蕊、花柱）、幼果、幼嫩总苞的针刺及坚果（果皮和涩皮）普遍潜伏带菌，以上结果系首次报道。